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Over at the “So to Speak” podcast, Nico Perrino arranged to post audio of the recent First Amendment Salon’s exchange between the lead trial lawyers for Dominion and Fox. A video of that exchange also appears on The First Amendment Salon’s website as noted below.

• Fox/Dominion lawyers reflect on historic case (“So to Speak” audio)
• Video post here

On April 18, Fox News to pay Dominion Voting Systems $787.5 million to settle a defamation lawsuit stemming from allegations of voter fraud in the 2020 presidential election. The historic settlement came just before the trial was set to begin in a case many saw as having significant First Amendment implications. In this exclusive conversation, attorneys for Fox and Dominion join First Amendment attorney to reflect on what led to the case, its outcome, and the arguments they would have made had the case gone to trial.

• is a founding partner of Clare Locke LLP and was counsel to Dominion. is co-executive chairman of Winston and Strawn and was counsel for Fox News.
• The conversation was organized and hosted by The First Amendment Salon on Tuesday, May 9. ( took the lead in organizing this salon.)

Protecting free speech in an AI world

• Richard Stengel, “,” Yahoo News (May 9)

The future of media and content will be bound up with generative AI in ways that we . AI itself is not human and cannot have constitutional rights, writes Cass Sunstein, just as a vacuum cleaner does not have constitutional . But it seems pretty clear that content created by generative AI probably has free speech protections. It is speech. It is speech that is created out of the raw material of human speech. It is created from code made by humans. It certainly contributes to the marketplace of ideas—it may well contribute too much. The modern Court has shown over and over that government cannot restrict speech because of its message, its subject matter, or its content. [See ]

At the same time, it makes sense that government can restrict any AI speech that is traditionally not protected by the First Amendment: libel, criminal solicitation, false advertising, child pornography, and speech that leads to imminent lawless action. Such speech is unconstitutional, whether it is created by a human, an algorithm, or a toaster. The question is whether government can regulate AI to prevent unconstitutional speech.

• “,” Fox News (May 12)

Related

• Jane R. Bambauer, “,” Journal of Free Speech Law (forthcoming)
• Ronald K.L. Collins, “Artificial thinking in an age of artificial intelligence: Preliminary thoughts on the parameters of First Amendment jurisprudence,” FAN 374 (April 5, 2023)

• Ronald Collins and Ryne Weiss, “Censoring the technologies of free expression,” FIRE(Oct. 19, 2022)
• Alan Z. Rozenshtein, “” LawFare (April 4)
• Benjamin Wittes, “,” LawFare (March 31)
• Hilda Kajbaf, “,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly (2020)
• Nico Perrino, Alison Schary, Eugene Volokh, and David Greene, “‘So to Speak’ podcast transcript: Artificial intelligence: Is it protected by the First Amendment?” FIRE(Jan. 26)
• Ronald Collins and David Skover, “” (Cambridge University Press, 2018)
• James B. Garvey, “,” Fordham Law Review (2022)

• Michael R. Siebecker, “,” Ohio State Law Journal (2022)
• Toni M. Massaro and Helen Norton, “,” Northwestern University Law Review (2016)

YouTube: Are corporate plaintiffs using SLAPP laws to silence their critics?

• “,” Democracy Now (May 4)

A judge in California has dismissed a seven-year $100 million lawsuit against Greenpeace USA that threatened the group’s existence. Canadian logging giant Resolute Forest Products sued Greenpeace in the United States and Canada for defamation after the group exposed the company’s irresponsible practices, part of a pattern of corporations attempting to use the burdens of the legal process to intimidate, exhaust and censor activists. Known as SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation) lawsuits, they are increasingly being used by the rich and powerful to silence critics.

We are joined by, deputy general counsel for Greenpeace USA, to discuss the organization’s legal victory, as well as the continued work of advocates to pass anti-SLAPP legislation and promote free speech. “We took on this fight not just for Greenpeace, but for everyone who dares speak truth to power, and we knew we had to win this both in the courtroom and for the movement,” says Padmanabha.

View video

Related

• Emily Hockett and Josh Lustig, “,” Reporters Committee (May 15)

New York AG sued over alleged confidential charitable donor records violations

• “,” Empire Center (May 16)

The Empire Center for Public Policy and New Yorker’s Family Research Foundation (NYFRF) have at the Office of the Attorney General (OAG) connected to confidential charitable donor records.

In 2021, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in AFP v. Bonta that requiring charitable organizations to disclose the identities of their large donors to a state attorney general’s office imposed “a widespread burden on donors’ associational rights.” On that basis, the Court found that donors’ First Amendment rights had been violated. 

In a similar fashion, AG James is keeping donor information that her office improperly requested from charitable organizations. Specifically, the OAG has requested and received IRS Form 990, Schedule B from charitable organizations; this document contains donor names and amounts donated. This information has been the subject of . The issue first came to light in that revealed donor identities from a leaked filing bearing the Attorney General’s official stamp.

Ninth Circuit upholds restrictions on public employee speech

• Steven D. Schwinn, “,” Constitutional Law Prof Blog (May 12)

The Ninth Circuit ruled that a public agency did not violate the First Amendment when it prohibited an employee from speaking to coworkers on matters related to the employee’s alleged misconduct while an investigation was pending.

The case, , arose when SUB initiated an investigation into Todd Roberts’s “dishonest related to [his] work attendance.” SUB prohibited Roberts from communicating with coworkers regarding the matter while the investigation proceeded. Roberts then sued, arguing that the restriction violated free speech.

The Ninth Circuit rejected the claim. The court ruled that SUB's restriction applied to speech that was not on a matter of public concern, and therefore Roberts didn't clear the first hurdle under . The court noted that SUB's restriction permitted Roberts to communicate with coworkers on other matters, and allows his attorney to communicate with coworkers on matters related to the investigation.

FIRE threatens to sue Uvalde over alleged First Amendment violation

• “FIRE to Uvalde: Lift ban on father who questioned school safety or we'll sue,” FIRE(May 15)

Mere months after the Uvalde school district suspended its entire police force for failing to effectively respond to a deadly shooting at an elementary school, school officials banned a concerned parent from school property — because he questioned the qualifications of a new police hire.

Today, the FIREdemanded the Uvalde Consolidated Independent School District lift its ban against Adam Martinez, a father of two students in the district. The district banned Martinez from all district property for two years, including from school board meetings. ������ýapp�ٷ�’s letter to UCISD threatens litigation if the district does not lift the unconstitutional ban by May 22, 2023.

“My community counts on me to be their voice, but the district wants to shut me up,” said Martinez. “My fight has always been for the 21 people who no longer have a voice and for those who are too scared to speak up about social injustice.”

Nossel on free speech and inclusion

• “” NYU School of Law (March 7)

Freedom of expression is a core value of the United States and other democratic countries. Yet in recent years, free speech has become a site of intense conflict when it intersects with issues of diversity and inclusion. Such clashes can be seen in discussions about safe spaces on university campuses, race and LGBTQ+ education in K-12 schools, and hate speech regulation on social media.

, CEO of PEN America and author of Dare to Speak: Defending Free Speech for All, argues that we need not choose between protecting free speech and advancing diversity and inclusion. But how can these values be reconciled? What should governments, tech companies, and educational institutions do when free speech threatens feelings of inclusion among marginalized people? When does protesting cross the line into censorship? In an era of book bans and heightened political polarization, finding answers to these questions is as important as ever.

Suzanne Nossel held a wide-ranging conversation on these topics with Professor, Chief Justice Earl Warren Professor of Constitutional Law and director of the Meltzer Center for Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging.

This event is co-sponsored by the Birnbaum Women’s Leadership Network at NYU School of Law.

View video

Forthcoming book: Ami Lai on free speech in universities

• Amy Lai, “,” University of Michigan Press (Sept. 2023)

In this book, Amy Lai examines the current free speech crisis in Western universities. She studies the origin, history, and importance of freedom of speech in the university setting, and addresses the relevance and pitfalls of political correctness and microaggressions on campuses, where laws on harassment, discrimination, and hate speech are already in place, along with other concepts that have gained currency in the free speech debate, including deplatforming, trigger warning, and safe space.

Looking at numerous free speech disputes in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada, the book argues for the equal application of the free speech principle to all expressions to facilitate respectful debates. All in all, it affirms that the right to free expression is a natural right essential to the pursuit of truth, democratic governance, and self-development, and this right is nowhere more important than in the university.

Forthcoming scholarly article: Gary Simson on Roberts Court’s ‘overprotection’ of free speech

• J. Simson, “,” Tennessee Law Review (forthcoming)

In this Article, I maintain that in recent years a broad, but unspoken, consensus has existed on the Supreme Court for deciding free speech cases with an almost insuperable presumption of unconstitutionality and that the result has been a system of freedom of expression that indefensibly and dangerously favors speech. If the Justices were simply putting a proverbial thumb on the scales in favor of free speech, that would not be particularly noteworthy. I make the much more controversial and novel claim here, however, that, across their ideological spectrum, the Justices routinely decide free speech cases in a way that greatly overvalues the harm to speakers from regulating speech or greatly undervalues the harm to society from not regulating it, or both. A fundamental change in the Court’s thinking about free speech issues is essential, and it is not the kind of change in thinking that can come about with one or two retirements on the Court.

To demonstrate the extreme nature of the Roberts Court’s free speech approach, I look closely in Parts II-IV at three cases in which the Justices were in broad agreement that a free speech claim should prevail – Snyder v. Phelps in 2011, United States v. Alvarez in 2012, and Mahanoy Area School District (MASD) v. B.L. in 2021. Snyder, Alvarez, and MASD are not the first cases anyone would name if asked to list the Roberts Court’s most important free speech decisions, but each offers a much better view of the Court’s approach at work than a high-profile case like Citizens United in which the Court divided along familiar ideological lines. The real story here is the striking breadth of agreement across the Court’s usual ideological divide and the exceptionally protective approach to free speech on which the Justices are so broadly agreed. In essence, all the Justices predicate their thinking in free speech cases on a baseline of protection that is perilously and unjustifiably high.

After discussing Snyder, Alvarez, and MASD, I turn to speech on social media to illustrate the urgency of the Court’s revising its free speech approach. In Part V, I underline the gravity of the dangers posed by speech on social media by focusing on two kinds of uses to which social media has all too often, and increasingly, been put: expressing and cultivating hatred and prejudice toward racial and other minorities; and deliberately misleading and confusing the public about matters of important public policy. I argue in Part VI that such dangers very likely must go unregulated unless and until the Court adopts a much more balanced free speech approach. Social media is a propagandist’s dream come true. Speakers have always wanted to get others to embrace and act upon their ideas. By enabling speakers to flood the marketplace, and bombard people repeatedly, with their ideas, social media gives speakers enormous power to make that happen. Properly understood, however, the First Amendment should not stop the government from standing in its way when vital state interests are at stake.

Correction

In last week’s issue of FAN, our link to Ryan Morrison was erroneous. The correct link is as set out below:

• (3rd Cir., 2022) (of the Institute for Free Speech argued the case for the Appellants)

More in the news

• “FIRE statement on Florida’s expansion of the Stop WOKE Act,” FIRE(May 15)
• Susanna Granieri, “,” First Amendment Watch (May 15)
• Jack Birle, “,” Washington Examiner (May 15)
• Erica Goldberg, “,” The Free Speech Center (May 15)
• Paige Hubbard, “,” CBS Austin (May 13) (see also)
• Terry Tang, “,” The Free Speech Center (May 12)
• Dennis Hetzel, “,” Free Speech Center (May 11)

2022-2023 SCOTUS term: Free expression and related cases

Review granted 

• (argued Dec. 5)
• (argued March 22)
• (argued, March 27) (Volokh commentary)
• (argued, April 19)

Pending petitions

State action

• (cert. granted)
• (cert. granted)

Qualified immunity

• (cert. denied) 

Immunity under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 

• (cert. denied)

Liability Anti-Terrorism Act

• (argued Feb. 22)

Section 230 immunity

• (argued Feb. 21)

Review denied

Previous FAN

FAN 378: “Paul Clement files cert. petition in campaign ballot slogan case”

This article is part of First Amendment News, an editorially independent publication edited by Ronald K. L. Collins and hosted by FIREas part of our mission to educate the public about First Amendment issues. The opinions expressed are those of the article's author(s) and may not reflect the opinions of FIREor of Mr. Collins.